19th century Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900. Events The Little Ice Age ended. Napoleon, who conquers much of Europe, is ultimately defeated in 1815; some old European regimes are restored, others not. The modern city of Singapore is established when Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles of the British East India Company acquires land on the island from the Sultan of Johore in 1819. The Libertadores lead most of Latin America to independence. Industrial Revolution continues and spreads, developments include the Rail Transport, telegraph, and telephone. The rebelion of Greece begins in 1821 which ultimately leads to its independence Belgium becomes independent in 1830 after a massive uprising against the Dutch. Leopold becomes the first king of Belgium. Belgium will be the second industrial power in the world by the middle of the 19th century. The European Revolutions of 1848 happen as an escalation of various problems due to changes in the societies of European countries. The Spring of Nations involves France, the German states, Habsburg Monarchy and the Italian states. Leopold II, son of Leopold, becomes the second king of Belgium. He buys the gigantic territory of Congo in Africa with his own fortune and will later (1908) offer it to Belgium. Discovery of the relationships between magnetism and electricity and light by Hans Christian Ørsted and James Clerk Maxwell. (See:electromagnetism) Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary is formed in 1867. The fall of the Ottoman Empire continues with numerous rebellions and wars with liberated countries in the Balkans, as well as four more Russo-Turkish Wars. The Great Powers get involved in the Crimean War (1854-1856) where the United Kingdom and France aid the Ottomans against the Russians, as well as in the Congress of Berlin that produces the Treaty of Berlin, 1878. Mass migration from Europe to the United States. During the reign of Queen Victoria, the United Kingdom is the leading economic power in the world giving the term Victorian Age to much of the century. Political revolution and constitutional reform across Europe severely limits powers of monarchs, advances democracy. The religious revival of the Second Great Awakening in the eastern United States and Canada gives rise to unique, American, Christian religions during the era of Restorationism Gold discovered in Australia and throughout the west of the United States, leading to huge increases in national wealth and encouraging mass migration of free settlers there. Slavery ended in British colonies and in America. See American Civil War, 1861 to 1865. End of global slave trade enforced by British navy. Charles Darwin revolutionizes biology with his theories of evolution, 1858. Europeans conquer and colonize most of Africa and parts of Asia. Karl Marx writes the Communist Manifesto, encouraging workers to revolt against owners. Meiji Restoration in 1868 opens Japan to modern influences and returns the emperor to power. Germany and Italy are formed as nations, uniting from groups of small kingdoms and city states. Railroads make fast mass transit available to many. Transcontinental railroads built, including the Panama Railway in 1855, the US Transcontinental Railroad finished in 1869 linking to west in the United States, and the Canadian National Railway in 1885. The Suez Canal is opened, connecting Europe and the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean and Asia in 1869. The British begin their so-called "forward movement" to extend control over the Malay States with the signing of the Pangkor Treaty in 1874. The quick defeat of Spain by the United States in 1898, the Spanish-American War, knocks Spain off the list of major world powers for good and gives rise to the United States as a major world military power. The electric telegraph and undersea cables make instant global communication possible for the first time. Postage Stamps and diamond-shaped paper sheets which folded to form envelopes for carrying letters devised and introduced in Britain, and soon thereafter in many other countries, leading to establishment of the Universal Postal Union. Manufactured goods become widely available by mail order Five overall largest mass killings of the 19th century Taiping Rebellion, 20 million deaths Colonial India, 15 million deaths Slave trade, 5.5 million deaths (Atlantic Slave Trade 2.5 million, Islamic Slave Trade 3 million) Napoleonic Wars, 3.5 million deaths Zulu conquests and the reign of Shaka, 2 million (controversial) The Congo Free State caused 5-10 million deaths. Approximately half of them in the 19th century. see also http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wars19c.htm Significant people Scientists Henri Becquerel, physicist Charles Darwin, biologist Gregor Mendel, biologist Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish physicist Thomas Alva Edison, inventor Louis Pasteur, biologist Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology Artists Ludwig van Beethoven, composer Johannes Brahms, composer Antonin Dvorak, composer Antonio de La Gandara, artist Vincent van Gogh, painter Giuseppe Verdi, composer Richard Wagner, composer Authors Samuel Taylor Coleridge, poet, critic, thinker Charles Dickens, author Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician Fyodor Dostoevsky, novelist, philosopher/theologian Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, author, thinker Nathaniel Hawthorne, writer Victor Hugo, poet, politician/theologian, and author Edgar Allan Poe, poet, short-story writer Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens), author Leo Tolstoy, novelist, philosopher/theologian, social reformer Jules Verne, writer Important figures Religious figures Bab, Persian prophet and founder of Babism Bahaullah, Persian religious leader and founder of Baha'i faith Nikolai of Japan, religious leader who introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan. Joseph Smith, Jr., religious leader, founder of Mormonism Brigham Young, Mormon religious leader Philosophers Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher John Stuart Mill, philosopher Political figures Karl Marx, political philosopher and economist William Morris, social reformer Inventions, discoveries, introductions Automobile Electric light Motion pictures Phonograph Photography Railroad Locomotive Semi-automatic rifle Steamship Telegraph Telephone Decades and years ast:Sieglu XIX simple:19th century Most Popular Articles: Music    Musical Instruments    Guitar    Classical Music    History    Music Definition    Country Music    Rock Music    Pop Music    Hip Hop    Rap    DJ    Video Games    Casino Games    Poker    Blackjack    Casinos    Real Estate    Loan    Auction    eBay    Marketing    Search Engine Optimization    File Sharing    MP3    Music Industry    Kazaa    Internet    Supermodel    Fashion    Fashion Designers    Erotica    Modeling    Clothing    Boots    Shoes    Diamond Engagement Rings    Diamond    Rugs    Gospel Music    Affiliate    E-Commerce    Radio This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html You may copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. 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