Marks & Spencer Marks and Spencer plc (known also as M&S and sometimes colloquially as Marks and Sparks) is the largest retailer in the United Kingdom by sales. It mainly sells clothing and food. The headquarters of M&S was for many years in Baker Street, London; during World War II these offices were used by the Special Operations Executive for secret missions in Occupied Europe. Marks and Spencer is currently (2004) completing a move to new corporate headquarters in Paddington, London. A Marks and Spencer store in south London. The original firm was a chain of "penny bazaars", founded by Thomas Spencer and a Jewish immigrant, Michael Marks in Wigan. It became a household name thanks to the efforts of Marks' son, Simon Marks, and his friend, Israel Seiff. M&S have expanded to 28 countries around the globe. They are mostly present in former British colonies and Eastern Europe; the attempt to expand into Western Europe and the United States failed due to their high prices and the particularly British vision of the company. The expansion into France was particularly unsuccessful, and eventually they were forced to close all their French stores, though because of the legislation set in place by the French government to protect their labour force, this was a costlier exercise than the Marks and Spencer management anticipated. The first Marks and Spencer store in central Asia was built in Kabul, Afghanistan in the 1960s. The store was later shut down as the mood of the city turned conservative. Marks and Spencer made their reputation in the 20th century on a policy of only selling British-made goods, relying on quality rather than price to encourage custom. During the 1980s and 1990s, they went back on this policy. Financial troubles and their inability to appeal to younger customers did not alter the general trend. However, in 2001, with changes in their business focus such as the introduction of the "Per Una" clothing range designed by George Davies, accompanied by a redesign of their underlying business model, profits rose sharply and M&S recovered much of its market share. Other changes to tradition included accepting credit cards and opening their stores on Sunday occasionally. They traditionally sold clothes from 2 or 3 large British clothing manufactures, using labels such as "St. Michael". However, the St. Michael brand has now been discontinued in favour of Marks & Spencer. Unlike most of its rivals M&S resisted the lure of television advertising when ITV was launched in 1955, preferring to rely on its reputation to draw in customers. It was not until the mid-1990s that the first TV commercials for M&S clothing were broadcast. In his book "Management - The Marks and Spencer Way", Lord Marcus Sieff (a former chairman of M&S) states that one of the objectives of Marks and Spencer is to aid the economic development of Israel. In November 2000, the British-Israeli Chamber of Commerce presented an award to M&S "for their unwavering support of Israel via commerce" (Jewish Chronicle, 24 November 2000). In 1998, Benjamin Netanyahu, then Prime Minister of Israel, presented Sir Richard Greenbury of M&S with the "Jubilee Award" in recognition of his achievements in strengthening the Israeli economy. In view of this, supporters of the Palestinian people have called for a boycott of the company, but given its continued popularity with the British public this seems unlikely to have any adverse effect upon its sales. Marks and Spencer was recently (2004) in the throes of an attempted takeover by a consortium of investors led by Arcadia boss, Philip Green. On July 12 a recovery plan was announced which would involve selling off the financial services business to HSBC, buying control of the Per Una range, closing the Gateshead Lifestore and stopping the expansion of its Simply Food line of stores. Philip Green withdrew his takeover bid after failing to get sufficient backing from shareholders. External Link Marks & Spencer Online FAVORITE ARTICLES: History of the World    History of the United States    History of Europe    Ancient History    History    Military History    World War I    Bombing of Dresden    California    US Constitution    Frank Sinatra    Boston    Marbury v. Madison This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html You may copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. You must provide a link to http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html To view or edit this article at Wikipedia go to http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_&_Spencer