Oxford This is about the city of Oxford in England. See also other meanings, including other cities. Oxford is a city and local government district in Oxfordshire, England, with a population of 134,248 (2001 census). Its latitude and longitude are 51°45'07" N and 1°15'28" W (at Carfax Tower, which is usually considered the centre). It is home to the University of Oxford, the oldest university in the English-speaking world. It is known as the "city of dreaming spires", a term coined by Matthew Arnold for the harmonious architecture of the university buildings. Unlike its great rival, Cambridge, Oxford is an industrial city, particularly associated with car manufacture in the suburb of Cowley. Oxford is twinned with Bonn, Grenoble, Leiden, and León. History Oxford was first occupied in Saxon times, and was initially known as "Oxanforda". It began with the foundations of St Frideswide's nunnery in the 8th century, and was first mentioned in written records in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 912. In the 10th century Oxford became an important military frontier town between the kingdoms of Mercia and Wessex and was on several occasions raided by Danes. The University of Oxford is first mentioned in 12th century records. Oxford's earliest colleges were University College (1249), Balliol (1263) and Merton (1264). Oxford Coat-of-arms Motto: Fortis est veritas (Latin: "Truth is strong") Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford is unique as a college chapel and cathedral in one foundation. Originally the Priory Church of St Frideswide, the building was extended and incorporated into the structure of the Cardinal's College shortly before its refounding as Christ Church in 1546, since which time it has functioned as the cathedral of the Diocese of Oxford. The relationship between "town and gown" has often been uneasy—several university students were killed in the St Scholastica Day Riot of 1355. During the English Civil War, Oxford housed the court of Charles I in 1642, after the king was expelled from London, although there was strong support in the town for the Parliamentarian cause. The town yielded to Parliamentarian forces under General Fairfax in 1646. In 1790 the Oxford Canal connected the city with Coventry, linking with the River Thames, and in the 1840s the Great Western Railway and London and North Western Railway linked Oxford with London. In the 19th century the controversy surrounding the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church drew attention to the city as a focus of theological thought. Oxford's Town Hall was built during the reign of Queen Victoria. Though Oxford has city status and is a Lord Mayoralty, the seat of the city council is still called by its traditional name of "Town Hall". By the early 20th century Oxford was experiencing rapid industrial and population growth, with the printing and publishing industries becoming well established by the 1920s. Also during that decade the economy and society of Oxford underwent a huge transformation as William Morris established the Morris Motor Company to mass produce cars in Cowley, on the south-eastern edge of the city. By the early 1970s over 20,000 people worked in Cowley at the huge Morris Motors and Pressed Steel Fisher plants. This shift in the culture of Oxford from an academic to an industrial city led to the witticism that "Oxford is the left bank of Cowley". The influx of migrant labour to the car plants, recent immigration from south-east Asia, and a large student population, have given Oxford a notable cosmopolitan character, especially in the Headington and Cowley Road areas with their many bars, cafes, restaurants, clubs, ethnic shops and fast food outlets. On 6 May 1954 Roger Bannister ran the first authenticated sub-four minute mile at the Iffley Road track in Oxford. Oxford's "other" university Oxford Brookes University, formerly Oxford Polytechnic, based at Headington, was given its charter in 1991. Transport Oxford is located some 50 miles (80 km) west of London; the cities are linked by the M40 motorway, which also links northwards to Birmingham. Rail connections include services to London (Paddington), Bournemouth, Worcester and Bicester. The city also has regular train services northwards to Birmingham, Coventry and the north. The Oxford Canal connects to the River Thames at Oxford. Tourist Attractions Oxford has many major tourist attractions, some associated with the university. As well as several famous institutions (such as the Ashmolean Museum, the Pitt Rivers Museum and the Bodleian Library), the town centre is home to Carfax Tower and a historical themed ride, The Oxford Story. In the summer, punting on the Thames (known as the Isis as it flows through Oxford) and the Cherwell is popular. Other notable attractions include: Christ Church Cathedral The Church of St Mary the Virgin (the "University Church") The Clarendon Building (often used as a set for film and television) The Radcliffe Camera (one of several institutions named after John Radcliffe) The Sheldonian Theatre The University Parks Media and press As well as the BBC national radio stations, Oxford and the surrounding area has several local stations, including BBC Radio Oxford, Fox FM and Passion 107.9 http://www.passion1079.com/. A local TV station, Six TV - The Oxford Channel is also available. Popular local papers include the Oxford Mail, the Oxford Times, and the Oxford Star. Literature in Oxford Colin Dexter wrote and set his Inspector Morse mystery novels in Oxford. Famous Oxford-based authors include: J. R. R. Tolkien (Professor of English at Merton) C. S. Lewis (fellow of Magdalen) Iris Murdoch (fellow of St Anne's) Philip Pullman Lewis Carroll Images of Oxford The Oxford Town Hall Christ Church Meadow Magdalen Deer Park University Church of St Mary the Virgin (Anglican) The Saxon Tower at the church of St Michael-at-the-Northgate. The tower is one of the oldest surviving structures in the city. A map of central Oxford See also University of Oxford (including links to the individual colleges) Oxford Union Bishop of Oxford Earl of Oxford Oxford United F.C. Oxfam Oxford Council on Good Governance External links Oxford City Council official web site Oxford City Council official tourism web site Oxford Information The Aliens' Guide to Oxford Mushroom Guide to Oxford The Oxford Guide: an Open Guide to Oxford FAVORITE ARTICLES: History of the World    History of the United States    History of Europe    Ancient History    History    Military History    World War I    Bombing of Dresden    California    US Constitution    Frank Sinatra    Boston    Marbury v. Madison This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html You may copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. You must provide a link to http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html To view or edit this article at Wikipedia go to http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford