Ruthenia Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past. Essentially, the word is a Latin rendering of the ancient place name Rus. See Etymology of Rus and derivatives. Today the historical territory of Rus, in the broadest sense, forms part(s) of the territories of Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, a small part of north-eastern Slovakia and a narrow strip of eastern Poland. Due to the continuous political instability of this territory, the term Ruthenia may mean significantly different things, depending on who applies this term, when, why and to which period. The term "Ruthenia" may refer to one or more of the following entities, appearing roughly in chronological order: Early Middle Ages By the 10th century, the term Ruthenia was used, among other spellings, in Latin papal documents to mean Rus', and later became the dominant name for Rus' in Latin. Some modern scholars use the spelling Ruthenia when discussing this period in English texts. However, the ancient state of Rus did not have a proper name either in Latin, or in its native language, and therefore there were different spellings in different languages. Late Middle Ages By the 14th century, the state of Rus had disintegrated into loosely united principalities. Vladimir-Suzdal and the Novgorod Republic in the north fell under Mongol influence. Later, one of the daughter-principalities of Vladimir-Suzdal, the Moscow principality took control of most of the northern principalities of Rus, and recreated the use of the word, "Rus'," to cover the expanded state. Being an Orthodox Christian country, it had few contacts with the Pope and therefore did rarely use the term Ruthenia. Natives used other forms of the name Rusderivatives of word Rus and derivatives of the Finno-Ugric name, Moskova for their country, and some of these forms also passed into Latin and English. The territories of Halych-Volynia in the south fell under Catholic Lithuanian and Polish influence, and therefore were usually denoted by the Latin Ruthenia, because the Pope preferred this spelling. (He used it, for example, when he proclaimed one of the local princes "King of Ruthenia".) However, other spellings were used in Latin, English and other languages during this period as well. These southern territories have corresponding names in Polish: Ruś Biała — White Ruthenia, White Russia or Belarus Ruś Czarna — Black Ruthenia, part of modern Belarus Ruś Czerwona — Red Ruthenia, small strip in Poland (Przemysl), rest part of Ukraine (Galicia). Poland called the area the Ruthenian Voivodship. Modern age Belarusians The Belarusians usually called themselves "Litvins" because they lived in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the name "Ruthenians" sometimes was not applied to them. A notable exception occurred shortly after World War II, in relation to Belarusians from the Kresy region of pre-WWII Poland who found themselves in displaced persons camps in the Western occupation zones of the post-war Germany. At that time the notion of a Belarusian nation met with little recognition in the West. Therefore, to avoid confusion with the term "Russian" and hence "repatriation" to the Soviet Union (which finalized the annexion of Kresy after the war), the terms White Ruthenian, Whiteruthenian, and Krivian were used. The last of these terms derives from the name of an old Ruthenian people called the Krivichs, said to inhabit the territory of Belarus. Ukrainians The name "Ruthenia" survived a bit longer as a name for Ukraine. From 1840 on, nationalists encouraged people to give up the name "Little Rus" for Ukrayina. In the 1880s and 1900s, "Ruthenia" was often restricted to mean western Ukraine, an area then part of the Austro-Hungarian state. In the early 20th century, the name "Ukraine" was widely accepted in Galicia/Halychyna and the name "Ruthenia" became narrowed to the area south of the Carpathian mountains in the Kingdom of Hungary. Carpathian Ruthenia incorporated the cities of Mukachiv/Mukachevo/Munkács, Uzhhorod/Ungvár and Presov/Pryashiv/Eperjes. This area had been part of the Hungarian kingdom since the late 11th century, and had been known as "Magna Rus'", but was also called "Karpato-Rus'" or "Zakarpattya" (see Carpathian Ruthenia). After being incorporated into Czechoslovakia between World War I and World War II, the area tried to declare its independence as "Carpatho-Ukraine" at the dawn of World War II. The term Rusyn arose around this time for the nationality and language of three groups of montagnards in the Carpathians. The name "Ruthenia" then came to mean an area of eastern/northeastern Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia) after World War II. The people of the region rapidly became Slovakicised, because their language is closely related to the Slovak language and because most of them refused to identify themselves as Ukrainians, as the Communist government, after 1953, wished them to do. See also Carpathian Ruthenia History of Russia History of Ukraine Kievan Rus' Rus' (people) External links Why is the "Russia" White? - a book review of Ales Biely's "Chronicle of Ruthenia Alba" Reference Davies, Norman: Europe: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. 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