Virgil For other uses see Virgil (disambiguation). Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70–19 BC) known in English as Virgil or Vergil, Latin poet, is the author of the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid, this last being a narrative poem in twelve books that is deservingly called the Roman Empire's national epic. Life Born in the village of Andes (modern Pietole?), near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul (Gaul "this side", i.e., south of the Alps, present northern Italy), Virgil received his earliest schooling at Cremona and Milan. (It is a little known fact that Virgil was, in fact, of Celtic ancestry.) He went to Rome to study rhetoric, medicine, and astronomy, which he soon abandoned for philosophy. In this period, while he was in the school of Siro the Epicurean, Virgil began writing poetry. A group of minor poems attributed to the youthful Virgil survive but most are spurious. One, the Catalepton (bagatelles?), consists of fourteen little poems, some of which may be Virgil's, and another, a short narrative poem titled the Culex (the mosquito), was attributed to Virgil as early as the 1st century AD. Such dubious poems are sometimes referred to as the Appendix Virgiliana. In 42 BC, after the defeat of Julius Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius, the demobilized soldiers of the victors were settled on expropriated land and Virgil's estate near Mantua was confiscated. However, the first of the Eclogues, written around 42 BC, is taken as evidence that Octavian restored the estate, for it tells how "Tityrus" recovered his land through Octavians intervention and "Tityrus" is usually identified as Virgil himself. Virgil soon became part of the circle of Maecenas, Octavian's capable agent d'affaires who sought to counter sympathy for Marc Antony among the leading families by rallying Roman literary figures to Octavian's side. After the Eclogues were completed, Virgil spent the years 37–29 BC on the Georgics ("On Farming"), which was written in honor of Maecenas. But Octavian, who had defeated Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and two years later had the title "Augustus" given him by the Roman senate, was already pressing Virgil to write an epic in praise of his regime. Virgil responded with the Aeneid, which took up his last ten years. The first six books of the epic tell how the Trojan hero Aeneas escapes from the sack of Troy and makes his way to Italy. On the voyage, a storm drives him on to the coast of Carthage where the queen, Dido, welcomes him and before long Aeneas falls deeply in love. But Jupiter recalls Aeneas to his duty and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide but not before swearing vengeance. On reaching Cumae, in Italy, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld and reveals his destiny to him. Aeneas is reborn as the creator of imperial Rome. The first six books (of "first writing") are modeled on Homer's Odyssey, but the last six are the Roman answer to the Iliad. Aeneas is betrothed to Lavinia, daughter of king Latinus, but Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus, the king of the Rutulians who is roused to war by the Fury, Allecto. The Aeneid ends with a single combat between Aeneas and Turnus, whom Aeneas defeats and kills, spurning his plea for mercy. When Virgil died with the epic unfinished, Augustus ordered Virgil's literary executors, Varius and Tucca, to disregard Virgil's own wish that the poem be destroyed and to publish it with as few editorial changes as possible. Incomplete or not, the Aeneid was immediately recognized as a masterpiece. It proclaimed the imperial mission of the Roman Empire but at the same time could pity Rome's victims and feel their grief. Dido and Turnus, who are both casualties of Rome's destiny, are more attractive figures than Aeneas, whose single-minded devotion to his goal may seem almost repellent to the modern reader. Secret meanings in Virgil In the medieval period, Virgil was considered a herald of Christianity, for his Eclogue 4 verses concerning the birth of a boy were re-read to prophesy Christ's nativity. The poem may actually refer to the pregnancy of Octavian's wife Scribonia, who in fact gave birth to a girl. In the Middle Ages, as Virgil developed into a kind of magus or wizard, manuscripts of the Aeneid were used for divination, the sortes virgilianae, in which a line would be selected at random and interpreted as Old Testament lines were interpreted for arcane meanings, in light of a current situation. (Compare the ancient Chinese I Ching.) More recently, professor Jean-Yves Maleuvre has proposed that Virgil wrote the Aeneid using a "double writing" system, in which the first superficial writing was intended for national audience and Augustus' needs, while the second one, deeper and hidden, unnoticed before Maleuvre discovered it, reflected Virgil's true point of view and his true historical reconstruction of the past. Maleuvre believes Augustus had Virgil murdered once the epic was finished. Maleuvre's ideas have not met general acceptance. Later views of Virgil Even as the Roman world collapsed, literate men acknowledged that the Christianized Virgil was a master poet, even when they ceased to read him. Gregory of Tours had read Virgil and some other Latin poets, though he cautions us that "We ought not to relate their lying fables, lest we fall under sentence of eternal death." Dante made Virgil his guide in his Divine Comedy. Virgil is still considered the greatest of the Latin poets. Virgil's Name in English In the Middle Ages "Vergilius" was bastardized to "Virgilius" because of a false etymology associated with the word virgo, Latin for "maiden." This arose because in antiquity Virgil, a notorious homosexual, was nicknamed parthenias, the Greek word for maiden. In Norman schools (following the French practice) the habit was to anglicize Latin names by dropping their Latin endings, hence "Virgil." In America in the nineteenth century, however, German immigrant classicists suggested modification to "Vergil," which was closer to his original name, because Virgil had always been known as Vergilius in German (and still is today). External links Virgil's Works Latin and English environment: Perseus/Tufts: P. Vergilius Maro. Viewer allows switching between Latin and English and includes numerous extra notes and links. Not downloadable. Original Latin: Gutenberg Project: The Bucolics and Eclogues (Latin), Georgics (Latin), The Aeneid (Latin) (plain text) Latin Library: P. Vergilivs Maro HHHH Associates: Libellus HHHH Associates: Libellus: Vergil: TeX versions English translations by John Dryden and J. B. Greenough: Gutenberg Project: The Bucolics and Eclogues (English), Georgics (English), The Aeneid (English) (plain text) The Internet Classics Archive: The Eclogues,The Georgics, The Aeneid Sacred Texts: Classics: The Works of Virgil English translations by A. S. Kline: Dante and Others: Virgil: The Major Works English translation by Th. C. Williams: The Aeneid French translations: Bibliotheca Classica Selecta: Bucoliques, Georgiques, L'Énéide louvaniste Italian translation: Virgilio Eneide, Trad. di Annibal Caro Appendix Vergiliana Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum: Links to Latin texts and English translations Appendix Vergiliana: The Minor Poems of Virgil in English translation by Joseph J. Mooney. (Seven of the other poems sometimes attributed to Virgil.) Biography Suetonius: The Life of Virgil (English Translation) Vita Vergiliana (Aelius Donatus' Life of Virgil in the original Latin) Virgil.org: Aelius Donatus' Life of Virgil translated into English by David Wilson-Okamura Project Gutenberg edition of Vergil--A Biography by Tenney Frank. Commentary Virgil in Late Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance: an Online Bibliography Virgilmurder (Jean-Yves Maleuvre's website setting forth his theory that Virgil was murdered by Augustus) simple:Publius Vergilius Maro Most Popular Articles: Music    Musical Instruments    Guitar    Classical Music    History    Music Definition    Country Music    Rock Music    Pop Music    Hip Hop    Rap    DJ    Video Games    Casino Games    Poker    Blackjack    Casinos    Real Estate    Loan    Auction    eBay    Marketing    Search Engine Optimization    File Sharing    MP3    Music Industry    Kazaa    Internet    Supermodel    Fashion    Fashion Designers    Erotica    Modeling    Clothing    Boots    Shoes    Diamond Engagement Rings    Diamond    Rugs    Gospel Music    Affiliate    E-Commerce    Radio This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html You may copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. You must provide a link to http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html To view or edit this article at Wikipedia go to http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil